City life of mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi: Importance of urban areas for maintaining fungal biodiversity

The biodiversity of mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi (basidiomycetes) is declining, many species are threatened in forests. Based on data from a 30-year fruiting body survey 1988 to 2017 the region city Jena (100,000 inhabitants, 4500 ha forest), Germany, we evaluated role urban environment with variation ownership, property size, associated management, high diversity woody for presence non-red list red-list fungal species. We found that (i) area hosted 1172 basidiomycete macrofungi, identified 64 host genera, representing 23% total German basidiomycetes 0.4‰ forest area. Among these species, 194 (16%) according Red List; (ii) few common tree genera (Fagaceae Pinaceae) 90% detected this study; (iii) plant identity functional groups rather than phylogeny shaped community composition richness macrofungi; (iv) conifers contributed 66% 51% broad-leaved trees 80% 74% diversity, respectively; (v) occurred mainly shrubs Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, Oleaceae, especially native ones; (vi) exotic (Robinia pseudoacacia Pseudotsuga menziesii) supported diverse flora. conclude areas can serve as an important zone maintaining by promoting heterogeneity land use,